What Do Men And Women Represent Scientifically?

2023 Author: Miles Ford | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-05-24 12:19

It is an elementary fact that people increasingly do not want to hear: gender differences in personality and behavior are real. And they have a profound impact on many aspects. Let's look at the differences between men and women from a scientific point of view.

The content of the article

• 1 Questions of psychology
• 2 Sex versus gender differences
• 3 Questions of biology

It's time for an adult conversation about sex. Converging lines of empirical evidence - from developmental neuroscience, medical genetics, evolutionary biology, intercultural psychology, and new research on transsexuality - along with our evolutionary heritage, all point to the same conclusion: there are psychological differences between men and women.

Psychological issuesi

Psychological physical and behavioral differences between men and women, scientifically, including strength and size, puberty, consistency and parenting, as well as widespread differences in risk, mortality, and reproductive requirements, suggest the likelihood that evolution has led to adaptation. men and women, which makes us somewhat different creatures.

Psychologically, this sculpture of evolution has left men and women with a distinct approach to life and love, based on the common core of human nature.

Ironically, as evidence grows that psychological sex differences are real, denial of differences has become pervasive. Attempts to respectfully and productively talk about biological sex differences often end up with name-calling (genetic determinist!), Not to mention publicly firing a Google software engineer for writing a note on the topic.

Sex versus gender differences2

It is most logical to name the differences between men and women, rather than gender differences. After all, our species has biological sexes, usually defined by gamete size, genital morphology, the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, and normative levels of sex hormones.

Of course, there are atypical (and unusual) variations in sex chromosomes and in basic hormonal experiences during sexual development that can make your gender unclear. The International Olympic Committee has fought for biological sex for decades - and it still fights.

Gender, or gender psychology, according to the American Psychological Association, reflects the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with biological sex. The term “gender identity” is often associated with sexual identity, but “gender” refers to whether a person is male or female, as defined by their local culture.

This is sometimes called gender-role or sex-role orientation. I know this is confusing, which is why many find it difficult to understand when gender differences are discussed.

Some psychologists argue that we should call most differences between men and women gender differences, not sex differences - because they feel that such differences are culturally constructed, and the term "sex" should be reserved for differences that are mainly of biological origin. …

There are other variations in gender that complicate the discussion. For example, people's sexual orientation can manifest in many forms depending on gender, including androphilia, gynephilia, bisexuality, asexuality, and more. Sex, gender and orientation are of different kinds.

Biological issues3

Neurologically, all humans start out as women. During prenatal development, the male Y chromosome begins a series of masculinizing events in both the body and brain. One of the most critical periods in the second trimester of pregnancy occurs when the male brain is constantly changing under the influence of androgens.

According to the organizational hypothesis of sex differentiation, prenatal exposure to androgens masculinizes the brain in a way that influences psychological sex differences. There is strong evidence that these effects are real. For example, prenatal exposure to androgen within normal levels predicts sex differences in postnatal preferences, personality traits, and cognitive abilities.

Evidence supporting the organizational effects of androgens also comes from studies of male and female children who, for various reasons, have atypical hormonal profiles. Studies of girls who were prenatally exposed to typical male androgen levels in the second trimester of pregnancy show a psychology that is more typical for men than their unaffected sisters.

Studies of infants as young as several months have consistently found that some psychological sex differences appear before extensive gender socialization has occurred.

Studies of adults undergoing hormonal treatments, sexual dysphoria, and transsexualism also show that to some extent biology contributes to the psychological differences between men and women.